![]() Nevertheless, the strong correlation between GDP per capita and market uptake suggests that, despite lower TOC for EVs, the higher initial investment required by EVs may be delaying market deployment in countries with a lower GDP per capita.Īs for other drivers, if we analyze the relation between the number of available CPs per EV in a country and the resulting EV penetration, there is no clear link across countries. As shown by the European Alternative Fuels Observatory, the TOC of EVs is almost equal to, if not lower than, the figures corresponding to traditional internal combustion engines. ![]() TOC includes the investment required to purchase the vehicle, fuel costs during use, road taxes, car maintenance, etc. See SWOV Fact sheet Older road users.The cost analysis of all expenditures required to enjoy the complete technical life cycle of a given car is often referred to as the total cost of ownership (TOC). For more information, see SWOV fact sheet Driver training and driving tests.įor older drivers, there is a test to determine their fitness to drive (age-related test). Until drivers turn 18, they may only drive supervised by an experienced driver. To qualify for a driving licence, candidates must at least be aged 17, be healthy, and have the knowledge and skills to enable safe, smooth and environmentally friendly traffic participation. See the question How does Euro NCAP contribute to road safety? DriversĪnyone using a car in traffic must have a driving licence. In addition to these three requirement types, car manufacturers may voluntarily comply with Euro NCAP standards to improve safety and to distinguish themselves from other manufactures.
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